[Article] A carbon balance finally explained!
Abstract
The carbon distribution in bainitic ferrite (BF) of two carbide-free bainite alloys isothermally transformed at three different temperatures was studied using a unique combination of in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), atom probe tomography (APT) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Results from all three techniques are consistent and unambiguously confirm the presence of significant excess carbon levels in BF, even in these low nominal carbon (0.22 wt.%) steels. The carbon concentration in BF decreases as the transformation temperature increases, but remains significant up to 430 ◦C. Further, statistical analysis indicates that the excess carbon content does not follow a normal distribution. APT reconstructions suggest that much (but not all) of the excess carbon is segregated to defects or clusters. No clear evidence for bainite tetragonality was observed. Surprisingly, the addition of a strong carbide forming element (vanadium) in solid solution did not influence the carbon distribution in BF.
3D reconstruction by tomographic atomic probe of the distribution of carbon atoms in the martensitic, austenitic and bainitic phases and transmission electron microscopy micrography of a new generation very high resistance steel.
Authors
Irina Pushkarevaa, Juan Macchib, Babak Shalchi-Amirkhiza, Fateh Fazelia, Guillaume Geandierb, Frederic Danoixc, Julien Da Costa Teixeirab, Sébastien Yves Pierre Allainb, Colin Scotta
This study is the result of international collaboration between CANMET Materials (Canada), IJL (France) and GPM (France).
References
DOI